Gohar-e-Tahqeeq - گوہرِ تحقیق

Environmental Elements in Urdu Afsana....A Review

Dr. Sabina Awais — 2025-12-10

The tradition of Urdu fiction has always reflected human life as well as nature and the environment. The fiction writer has presented the social, cultural and natural problems of his era in the form of art. If we examine the environmental elements, then natural landscapes, changing seasons, forests, rivers, fields, animals, birds and the conditions of the air and atmosphere are prominent in fiction literature on both symbolic and real levels. In the 21^st century, the environment has been presented as a serious issue. Pollution, deforestation, overuse of the earth's natural resources, population pressure in cities and climate change have become part of the themes of fiction writers. Fiction writers like Intizar Hussain, Hassan Manzar, Rafiq Hussain, Siddique Alam, Muhammad Hameed Shahid, Tahira Iqbal and Nayyar Iqbal have highlighted these issues in an artistic manner. In these stories, on the one hand, the beauty of nature and its deep connection with human life are shown, on the other hand, the consequences of environmental degradation and exploitation of natural resources are also highlighted. The short Urdu story, in addition to reflecting human relationships and social problems, also highlights the importance of environmental awareness and connection with nature. This article will examine the environmental elements in Urdu stories.

A Comparative Study of Existential Elements in Anees Nagi’s “Deewar ke Peechay” and Khalid Javed’s“Mout ki Kitab”

Zunaira Siddique — 2025-12-30

This study presents a comparative analysis of existential elements in Anees Nagi’s Deewar ke Peechay and Khalid Javed’s Mout ki Kitab, two significant works of modern Urdu literature that reflect profound philosophical and psychological concerns of the contemporary individual. Drawing upon existentialist thought—particularly themes of alienation, absurdity, anxiety, death, and the crisis of meaning—the research examines how both writers articulate human existence in a fragmented and oppressive social reality. Anees Nagi’s Deewar ke Peechay portrays existential confinement through symbolic barriers, highlighting the individual’s struggle against social norms, inner emptiness, and the loss of authentic selfhood. In contrast, Khalid Javed’s Mout ki Kitab intensifies existential despair by focusing on death, decay, and corporeal reality, presenting existence as a continuous confrontation with meaninglessness and mortality. While Nagi’s narrative leans toward intellectual abstraction and symbolic resistance, Khalid Javed adopts a stark, grotesque realism to expose existential anxiety. The study argues that despite differences in narrative style and thematic emphasis, both texts converge in depicting the modern human condition as deeply alienated and psychologically fractured. By comparing these works, the paper highlights their shared contribution to existential discourse in Urdu fiction and underscores their relevance to understanding modern existential consciousness.

Allama Iqbal and Legislation

Muzammil Ameen — 2025-12-30

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s contribution to legal thought and legislative by situating his scholarly development within his educational, expert, and legislative experiences. Iqbal’s formal legal education in Europe particularly his bar at law qualification from Lincoln’s Inn played a formative role in shaping his understanding of constitutionalism, legal modernity, and the dynamics of state authority. His twenty six years of legal practice in British India offered him a unique vantage point from which to critically assess the colonial judicial framework and its implications for Muslim socio-political identity. Iqbal’s service as a member of the Punjab Legislative Council reflects his direct engagement with institutional lawmaking. His participation in legislative debates and his advocacy for educational, social, and communal reforms demonstrate his commitment to ethical, inclusive, and progressive policymaking. Central to this study is an analysis of his sixth lecture, “The Principle of Movement in the Structure of Islam,” in which Iqbal presents a modernist and dynamic theory of Ijtihad. He argues for the reinterpretation of Islamic jurisprudence in light of contemporary realities and emphasizes the role of representative legislative bodies in ensuring a democratic and evolving legal order. By synthesizing Iqbal’s European legal training, extensive professional practice, legislative involvement, and modernist jurisprudential philosophy, this article highlights his enduring relevance to contemporary debates on legal reform, constitutional thought, and Islamic legal renewal in the modern world.

Ali Sardar Jafri’s Poetry: A Colonial and Postcolonial Perspective

Huma Syed — 2025-12-30

The Progressive Movement emerged during the colonial and postcolonial periods as a conscious literary and intellectual response to political domination, social injustice, and economic exploitation. One of its central objectives was to secure the legitimate rights and dignity of individuals in accordance with contemporary social realities. Under British imperial rule, the people of the subcontinent were subjected to severe exploitation that devastated their economic structures, natural resources, and social fabric. In reaction to this oppression, writers and intellectuals raised powerful voices through literature, giving rise to resistance writing that challenged imperial authority and articulated the suffering of the masses. Consequently, literature became an enduring force of social awareness and protest.However, the end of colonial rule in 1947 did not bring about the radical transformation that the common people had hoped for. Although political power shifted, systems of exploitation largely remained intact, with local elites and ruling classes replacing foreign rulers. Progressive writers, therefore, redirected their critical gaze toward these indigenous imperialists, exposing their hypocrisy, greed, and continued oppression of the marginalized. Their literary works highlighted class conflict, economic disparity, and the betrayal of revolutionary ideals. In this context, analyzing progressive poetry from a postcolonial perspective becomes essential, as it reveals how literature continued to resist domination, interrogate power structures, and advocate social justice in the post-independence era..

Safia Akhtar's Feminism (In the Context of "Harf-e-Ashna" and "Zair-e-Lab")

Dr. Rubina Shaheen — 2025-12-30

Safia Akhtar is the wife of the renowned Urdu poet, Jan Nisar Akhtar. She is a modern Indian woman with progressive and feminist consciousness. This thought is clearly expressed in the collections her letters, "Harf-e-Ashna" and "Zair-e-Lab," which she wrote to her husband. In these letters, we see a new woman of the twentieth century who dares to move forward with the support of her self-confidence. She rejects the unnecessary restrictions imposed by society and breaks the iron chains of age-old and outdated traditions. She knows how to protect her rights. In her feminist consciousness, we see a balance, softness, and harmony with nature. She neither shouts slogans to abolish the concept of gender from society nor demands the rejection of the distinctions of the natural and social positions of men and women. She does not demand that women be treated like men, but rather that she wishes to be given all rights on an equal footing, recognizing and understanding the natural differences between men and women. In her letters, we see a practical picture of a feminist woman who is a follower of "New Age Feminism".

Development of Arabic Language and Literature in Historical Background

Muhammad Rafiq — 2025-12-30

The Literature depicts the political, cultural, historical and the socio economic aspects of a society. Arabic language and literature has its historical importance as well. Being the language of the Holy Quran ,its importance is understood. The existing references of this language go behind more than fifteen hundred years. This language mostly progressed with the spread of Islam. The Arabic is the national language of most of the Arab countries in Arabian Belt. The development of Arabic language and Literature can be divided into five Arab historical periods. The structure of Arabic literature comprises of maxims, proverbs and sayings of the ancestors, poetry, prose, novel, short stories, Fiqqah and history. It also represents the changing circumstances especially the political scenario of the region such as Palestine dispute. The President Arabic literature seems to be influenced by the Western literature. This article comprises the development of Arabic language and literature from beginning to the modern era.

MYSTICS ELEMENTS IN THE POETRY OF YUNUS EMRE

Dr. Sadaf Naqvi — 2025-12-30

Sufism is a noble ethics. It is a journey of obedience and prioritizing others over oneself. Sufism is not a mere ritual, but a collection of qualities . It embodies the oneness of God, the purification of the heart and soul, respect, humanism, the transience of the world, the reality of life and death, and adherence to the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah. Yunus Emre, from Anatolia, Turkiye was a lover of the Divine and a complete mystic. Through Sufism, he attained guidance and became renowned as a poet whose heart overflowed with Allah, s love.

Yunus Emre's poetry reflects oneness of Allah, obedience to the Prophet(PBUH), spiritual mentorship, self-purification, reliance and contentment, patience, acceptance, humanism, the nature of life and death, moral excellence, and generosity. He believed that the path to God lies through the heart; those who do not find God within are essentially strangers. In his poetry, he emphasized following the teachings of the perfect guide, asserting that both good and bad come from God. Each day can bring both fortune and opposition, and one should be grateful to God in both situations.

The themes in Yunus's poetry are universal, carrying messages of love, compassion, and humanism. His verses continue to resonate deeply today. Indeed, Yunus Emre epitomizes the humanistic tradition of the Turkish people, delivering messages of friendship and love to all humanity. He condemned differences based on race, ethnicity, or language, promoting peace among people. He advocated for the elimination of hatred and for living a good life, reflecting the teachings of the Prophet(PBUH).

Yunus Emre's aim was to love humanity and to unite people on a common platform. His thoughts are conveyed through his "Dewan" and "Risalet al-Nasihah." Yunus Emre has influenced generations and left a profound impact on his people. The truths hidden in his words will keep him alive in the hearts of people for generations to come.